I. Meaning &
Morphology (الصرف و اللغة)
1. ‘دَابَّة’
While
commenting on the usage of the word ‘دَابَّة’,
Ghāmidīī writes: ‘Just as it is used to connote animals that walk on the
earth, it is also used to connote living beings if an indication to this usage
exists. The second usage covers birds and even human beings. Here in this verse
it is used in this connotation.’ (note 7)
Here are
examples of the first usage:
وَمَا مِن دَآبَّةٍ فِي الأَرْضِ وَلاَ طَائِرٍ يَطِيرُ
بِجَنَاحَيْهِ إِلاَّ أُمَمٌ أَمْثَالُكُم (٣٨:٦)
All the beasts that roam the earth and all the birds that soar on high are but
communities like your own. (6:38(
وَكَأَيِّن مِن دَابَّةٍ لَا تَحْمِلُ رِزْقَهَا اللَّهُ
يَرْزُقُهَا وَإِيَّاكُمْ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (٦٠:٢٩)
Countless are the beasts that do not carry their provisions themselves. God
provides for them, as He provides for you. He alone hears all and knows all.
)29:60(
Examples of
the second usage can be seen in the following verses:
وَمَا مِن دَآبَّةٍ فِي الأَرْضِ إِلاَّ عَلَى اللّهِ رِزْقُهَا
وَيَعْلَمُ مُسْتَقَرَّهَا وَمُسْتَوْدَعَهَا (٦:١١)
There is not a creature on the earth but God provides its sustenance. He knows
its dwelling and its resting-place. )11:6(
وَلَوْ يُؤَاخِذُ اللَّهُ النَّاسَ بِمَا كَسَبُوا مَا تَرَكَ
عَلَى ظَهْرِهَا مِن دَابَّةٍ وَلَكِن يُؤَخِّرُهُمْ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى (٤٥:٣٥)
If it was God’s will to punish men for their misdeeds, not one creature would be
left alive on the earth’s surface. He gives them respite till an appointed time.
(35:45)
2. ‘أمر’
As pointed out
by Ghāmidī (note 20), the word ‘أمر’
in 2:169 means ‘to suggest and to tempt someone about something’. An example of
this usage can be seen in the following couplet of Ibn Durayd:
أمرتهم أمرى بمنعرج اللوى
فلم يستبينوا الرشد إلا ضحى الغد
(I had
informed them of my suggestion at Mun‘araj Al-Liwā; however, it was only by
morning of the next day that they came to understand)
A Jāhilī poet says:
أطعت لآمريك بصرم حبلي
مريهم في أحبتهم بذاك
(You ultimately acceded to those who suggested you to break
your ties with me; tell them to act on this suggestion regarding the ones they
love)
3. ‘سُوْء’.
While commenting on the usage of this word, Ghamidi writes: ‘There is no doubt
in the fact that just as it means ‘sin’ and ‘misdeeds’ it also means financial,
physical and intellectual losses and hardships. This usage can be seen in 3:174
and 27:12. Here, however, its copulation (‘At*f) with ‘الْفَحْشَاء’
and the presence of the verb ‘يَأْمُرُكُمْ’ show that
it is used in the first meaning.’
An example of its usage in the first meaning is:
إِنَّمَا التَّوْبَةُ عَلَى اللّهِ لِلَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ
السُّوَءَ بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ يَتُوبُونَ مِن قَرِيبٍ فَأُوْلَـئِكَ يَتُوبُ اللّهُ
عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَانَ اللّهُ عَلِيماً حَكِيماً (١٧:٤)
God forgives those who commit evil in ignorance and then quickly turn to Him in
penitence. God will pardon them. God is all-knowing and wise. (4:17)
Of the latter usage, some
examples are:
فَانقَلَبُواْ بِنِعْمَةٍ مِّنَ اللّهِ وَفَضْلٍ لَّمْ
يَمْسَسْهُمْ سُوءٌ وَاتَّبَعُواْ رِضْوَانَ اللّهِ وَاللّهُ ذُو فَضْلٍ عَظِيمٍ
(١٧٤:٣)
Thus did they earn God’s grace and bounty, and no harm befell them. For they had
striven to please God, and God’s bounty is infinite. (3:174)
وَأَدْخِلْ يَدَكَ فِي جَيْبِكَ تَخْرُجْ بَيْضَاء مِنْ غَيْرِ
سُوءٍ (١٢:٢٧)
‘Put your hand into your pocket. It will come out white, without any ailment’.
(27:12)
4. ‘بَاغٍ’
In the expression ‘غَيْرَ
بَاغٍ وَلاَ عَادٍ’ the word ‘بَاغٍ’ means ‘to
desire’. However it also means ‘to transgress’ and ‘to be rebellious’. According
to Ghamidi (not: 28), the reason for preferring the first meaning is that this
word is copulated to another word ‘عَادٍ’ which also
means ‘to transgress’ and ‘to be rebellious’. Preferring the second meaning
would only have caused repetition.
5. ‘الْبِرّ’
As pointed out by Ghāmidī (note
36), according to the research of Imām H*amīd Al-Dīn Farāhī, the real meaning of
the word ‘الْبِرّ’ is ‘to fulfill the rights of
someone’. Since these rights are extensive – ranging from those of the Almighty,
parents and fellow human beings to those which arise because of commitments and
promises, the word covers all virtues which are included in it that come under
justice and kindness.
It is because of this extensive
nature that the word also covers all good virtues.
Thus in the following verses it
is used in this general connotation:
لَن تَنَالُواْ الْبِرَّ حَتَّى تُنفِقُواْ مِمَّا تُحِبُّونَ (٩٢:٣)
You shall never be truly virtuous until you spend [in the way of God] what
you dearly cherish. (3:92)
وَتَعَاوَنُواْ
عَلَى الْبرِّ وَالتَّقْوَى وَلاَ تَعَاوَنُواْ عَلَى الإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ
وَاتَّقُواْ اللّهَ إِنَّ اللّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ (٢:٥)
Help one another in what is virtuous and pious, not in what is wicked and
sinful. Have fear of God; God is stern in retribution. (5:2)
A‘shā has also
used it in this connotation in the following couplet:
عنده البر والتقى و اسى
الشق و حمل للمعضلات الثقال
(He is
virtuous and pious and shows perseverance in harsh conditions and forbearance in
severe hardships)
II. Style &
Eloquence (الاساليب و البلاغة)
1. Ellipses of
the Governing Noun (Mud*āf)
Ellipses of the Governing Noun is very common in Arabic.
Ghāmidī (note 38) writes: ‘As per the linguistic principles of Arabic, an
elision of the governing noun (Mud*āf) has occurred
here. The implied construction is: ‘مَنْ آمَنَ [بِرُّ
] وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ ’.
Thus in: ‘
(٢:١٠٢) عَلَى مُلْكِ سُلَيْمَانَ ’ the implied meaning is: ‘مُلْكِ
سُلَيْمَانَ عَهْدِ عَلَى’. Likewise in ‘وَجَاهِدُوا
فِي اللَّهِ حَقَّ جِهَادِهِ (٧٨:٢٢)’ the implied
meaning while taking into account the ellipses is ‘للَّهِ
سَبِيْل وَجَاهِدُوا فِي. Similarly, in ‘وَظَنُّوا
أَنَّهُم مَّانِعَتُهُمْ حُصُونُهُم مِّنَ اللَّهِ (٢:٥٩)’,
the implied meaning is ‘مِنْ بَطْشِ اللَّهِ’.
2. The
Accusative of Specification
According to
Ghāmidī and Is*lāh*ī (note 51) one example of such an accusative occurs in 2:177
in the expression ‘َالصَّابِرِينَ فِي الْبَأْسَاء’.
Another
example can be seen in the expression ‘وَالْمُقِيمِينَ
الصَّلاَةَ’ in the following verse:
لَّـكِنِ الرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ مِنْهُمْ
وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيكَ وَمَا أُنزِلَ مِن قَبْلِكَ
وَالْمُقِيمِينَ الصَّلاَةَ وَالْمُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللّهِ
وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ أُوْلَـئِكَ سَنُؤْتِيهِمْ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا (١٦٢:٤)
But those of them that have deep learning, and those that truly believe in what
has been revealed to you and what was revealed before you [and specially those]
who attend to their prayers and give Zakāh and have faith in God and the Last
Day – We shall richly reward them. (4:162)
Here of course
the Almighty is emphasizing the quality of a believer who is vigilant in his
prayer.
III. Exegesis
and Explanation (الشرح و التفسير)
1. The Address
of ‘يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ كُلُواْ مِمَّا فِي الأَرْضِ
حَلاَلاً طَيِّباً’
As is evident
from the context of the following verse, it is addressed to the Idolaters of
Arabia. Ghāmidī, while taking this aspect into account has translated it thus:
People! [your concepts of what is lawful in eating and what is not – concepts
which you have made under the influence of these leaders of yours – are
absolutely baseless, so] eat of what is lawful and wholesome on the earth
The fact that
the context bears witness that the Idolaters of Arabs of the times of the
Prophet (sws) have been addressed is evident from the preceding verses which
depict a dialogue that will take place on the Day of Judgement between the
leaders and followers among them (verses 166-7). The succeeding verse (verse
170) is obviously directed towards them too since it was these Idolaters who
were guilty of blindly following their forefathers.
It is thus
essential to realize that the formula
which many of our exegetes
adopt in unfolding the address ‘يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ’
holds little ground.
It is by not
understanding this aspect that commentators such as Wherry point out redundancy
in the Qur’ān by attributing this to be a faulty work of its compilers, since
seemingly this directive of eating wholesome and pure things is repeated in
verse 172. The net result in his words is a ‘medley of Makkan and Madīnan
passages’. He writes:
Verse 172 is addressed to the people of Madīnah. (See Rodwell on ver. 21). The
exhortation corresponds with that of ver. 169, addressed to the Makkans. The
teaching here is, however, more explicit, detailing the articles forbidden.
The redundancy found here is probably due to the judgment of those who compiled
the Qur’ān under the direction of Othman. Had this portion of the chapter been
recited by Muhammad himself, we should not have this medley of Makkan and
Madīnan passages. A tradition, on the authority of H*udhayfah, relates that
Muhammad was in the habit of repeating the chapter of the Cow several times
during a single night, besides other portions of the Qur’ān (Matthews’
Mishqat-ul-Masabih chap. xxxii.). Such an exercise, in addition to ordinary
sleep, would be impossible. It is therefore probable that much additional matter
was added to these chapters by the compilers of the volume now called the Qur’ān,
though the names of the chapters and some portions of them were undoubtedly in
use in the days of Muhammad. To these were added other revelations gathered from
the contents of the box in H*afs*a’s keeping and from the memories of men.
2. Unlawful
Edibles made Lawful by the Idolaters
In verse 168,
the Idolaters of Arabia are asked to eat lawful and wholesome things. In the
following verses, we find a list of edibles which they had declared unlawful:
وَجَعَلُواْ
لِلّهِ مِمِّا ذَرَأَ مِنَ الْحَرْثِ وَالأَنْعَامِ نَصِيبًا فَقَالُواْ هَـذَا
لِلّهِ بِزَعْمِهِمْ وَهَـذَا لِشُرَكَآئِنَا فَمَا كَانَ لِشُرَكَآئِهِمْ فَلاَ
يَصِلُ إِلَى اللّهِ وَمَا كَانَ لِلّهِ فَهُوَ يَصِلُ إِلَى شُرَكَآئِهِمْ سَاء
مَا يَحْكُمُونَ وَكَذَلِكَ زَيَّنَ لِكَثِيرٍ مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَتْلَ
أَوْلاَدِهِمْ شُرَكَآؤُهُمْ لِيُرْدُوهُمْ وَلِيَلْبِسُواْ عَلَيْهِمْ دِينَهُمْ
وَلَوْ شَاء اللّهُ مَا فَعَلُوهُ فَذَرْهُمْ وَمَا يَفْتَرُونَ وَقَالُواْ
هَـذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ لاَّ يَطْعَمُهَا إِلاَّ مَن نّشَاء
بِزَعْمِهِمْ وَأَنْعَامٌ حُرِّمَتْ ظُهُورُهَا وَأَنْعَامٌ لاَّ يَذْكُرُونَ اسْمَ
اللّهِ عَلَيْهَا افْتِرَاء عَلَيْهِ سَيَجْزِيهِم بِمَا كَانُواْ يَفْتَرُونَ
وَقَالُواْ مَا فِي بُطُونِ هَـذِهِ الأَنْعَامِ خَالِصَةٌ لِّذُكُورِنَا
وَمُحَرَّمٌ عَلَى أَزْوَاجِنَا وَإِن يَكُن مَّيْتَةً فَهُمْ فِيهِ شُرَكَاء
سَيَجْزِيهِمْ وَصْفَهُمْ إِنَّهُ حِكِيمٌ عَلِيمٌ قَدْ خَسِرَ الَّذِينَ
قَتَلُواْ أَوْلاَدَهُمْ سَفَهًا بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ وَحَرَّمُواْ مَا رَزَقَهُمُ
اللّهُ افْتِرَاء عَلَى اللّهِ قَدْ ضَلُّواْ وَمَا كَانُواْ مُهْتَدِينَ (٦:
١٣٦-١٤٠)
They set aside for God a share of their produce and of their cattle, saying:
‘This is for God’ – so they claim – ‘and this for our idols.’ Their idols’ share
cannot reach God, but the share of God is wholly given to their idols. How ill
they judge! Their idols have induced many pagans to kill their children, seeking
to ruin them and to confuse them in their faith. Had God pleased they would not
have done so. Therefore leave them to their false inventions. They say: ‘These
animals and these crops are forbidden. None may eat of them save those whom we
permit.’ So they assert. And there are other beasts which they prohibit men from
riding, and others over which they do not pronounce the name of God, thus
inventing a lie against Him. He will punish them for their invented lies. They
also say: ‘The offspring of these animals is lawful for our males but forbidden
to our females.’ But if it is still-born, they all partake of it! God will
punish them for that which they impute to Him. He is wise and all-knowing.
Losers are those that in their ignorance have wantonly slain their own children
and made unlawful what God has given them, inventing falsehoods about God. They
have gone astray and are not guided. (6:136-140)
مَا جَعَلَ اللّهُ مِن بَحِيرَةٍ وَلاَ سَآئِبَةٍ وَلاَ
وَصِيلَةٍ وَلاَ حَامٍ وَلَـكِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللّهِ
الْكَذِبَ وَأَكْثَرُهُمْ لاَ يَعْقِلُونَ (١٠٣:٥)
God has not made a bahīrah, nor a sā’ibah, nor a was*īlah, nor a h*ām a part of
religion. The unbelievers invent falsehoods about God. Most of them are lacking
in judgement. (5:103)
In the following verses, the Idolaters of Arabia are condemned on this attitude
of declaring the lawful ad unlawful and vice versa:
وَمِنَ
الأَنْعَامِ حَمُولَةً وَفَرْشًا كُلُواْ مِمَّا رَزَقَكُمُ اللّهُ وَلاَ
تَتَّبِعُواْ خُطُوَاتِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِنَّهُ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ مُّبِينٌ ثَمَانِيَةَ
أَزْوَاجٍ مِّنَ الضَّأْنِ اثْنَيْنِ وَمِنَ الْمَعْزِ اثْنَيْنِ قُلْ
آلذَّكَرَيْنِ حَرَّمَ أَمِ الأُنثَيَيْنِ أَمَّا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ أَرْحَامُ
الأُنثَيَيْنِ نَبِّؤُونِي بِعِلْمٍ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ وَمِنَ الإِبْلِ
اثْنَيْنِ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ اثْنَيْنِ قُلْ آلذَّكَرَيْنِ حَرَّمَ أَمِ
الأُنثَيَيْنِ أَمَّا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ أَرْحَامُ الأُنثَيَيْنِ أَمْ كُنتُمْ
شُهَدَاء إِذْ وَصَّاكُمُ اللّهُ بِهَـذَا فَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى
اللّهِ كَذِبًا لِيُضِلَّ النَّاسَ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ إِنَّ اللّهَ لاَ يَهْدِي
الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ قُل لاَّ أَجِدُ فِي مَا أُوْحِيَ إِلَيَّ مُحَرَّمًا
عَلَى طَاعِمٍ يَطْعَمُهُ إِلاَّ أَن يَكُونَ مَيْتَةً أَوْ دَمًا مَّسْفُوحًا أَوْ
لَحْمَ خِنزِيرٍ فَإِنَّهُ رِجْسٌ أَوْ فِسْقًا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللّهِ بِهِ
فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلاَ عَادٍ فَإِنَّ رَبَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (٦:
١٤١-٥)
Of the beasts you have, some are tall and some short in stature. Eat of that
which God has given you and do not walk in Satan’s footsteps; he is your
inveterate foe. Take eight kinds of livestock: first a pair of sheep and a pair
of
goats. Ask them: ‘Of these, has He forbidden you the males, the females, or
their offspring? Answer me, if you have some proof’. Then a pair of camels and a
pair of cattle. Say: ‘Of these, has He forbidden you the males, and females, or
their offspring? Were you present when God gave you these commandments?’ Who is
more wicked than the man who in is his ignorance invents a lie about God to
mislead mankind? God does not guide the wrongdoers. Say: ‘I find nothing in what
has been revealed to me that forbids men to eat of any food except carrion,
blood poured forth, and the flesh of swine – for these are unclean – and any
flesh that has been profanely consecrated to gods other than God. But whoever is
driven by necessity, intending neither to desire nor to transgress, will find
your Lord forgiving and merciful. (6:141-5)
3. Satan’s
Threat and Open Animosity
According to
Ghāmidī, (notes 18, 19), in verse 169, the Arabs are told that they must not
walk in Satan’s footsteps by becoming superstitious and declaring unlawful
edibles as lawful. They must know that from the very beginning he has threatened
to mislead man from the path of Tawh*īd through such superstitions:
وَلأُضِلَّنَّهُمْ وَلأُمَنِّيَنَّهُمْ وَلآمُرَنَّهُمْ
فَلَيُبَتِّكُنَّ آذَانَ الأَنْعَامِ وَلآمُرَنَّهُمْ فَلَيُغَيِّرُنَّ خَلْقَ
اللّهِ وَمَن يَتَّخِذِ الشَّيْطَانَ وَلِيًّا مِّن دُونِ اللّهِ فَقَدْ خَسِرَ
خُسْرَانًا مُّبِينًا(١١٩:٤)
I shall lead them astray and I shall arouse in them vain desires and suggest
them to slit the ears of cattle. I shall entice them to tamper with God’s
creation. Indeed, he that chooses Satan rather than God for his protector ruins
himself beyond redemption. (4:119)
He is an open
enemy of man since the very beginning:
قَالَ فَبِمَا
أَغْوَيْتَنِي لأَقْعُدَنَّ لَهُمْ صِرَاطَكَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ثُمَّ لآتِيَنَّهُم
مِّن بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ وَعَنْ أَيْمَانِهِمْ وَعَن
شَمَآئِلِهِمْ وَلاَ تَجِدُ أَكْثَرَهُمْ شَاكِرِينَ(٧:
١٦-١٧)
‘Because You have led me into sin’, he declared, ‘I will waylay Your servants
as they walk on Your straight path, then spring upon them from the front and
from the rear, from their right and from their left. Then You will find the
greater part of them ungrateful. )7:16-17(
4. Disowning
Dialogues
At other
places in the Qur’ān as well, the dialogue between leaders and their followers
as mentioned in verse 167 is portrayed. Here is an example:
وَقَالَ إِنَّمَا اتَّخَذْتُم مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَوْثَانًا
مَّوَدَّةَ بَيْنِكُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا ثُمَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
يَكْفُرُ بَعْضُكُم بِبَعْضٍ وَيَلْعَنُ بَعْضُكُم بَعْضًا وَمَأْوَاكُمُ النَّارُ
وَمَا لَكُم مِّن نَّاصِرِينَ (٢٥:٢٩)
And he [-- Abraham --] said: ‘You have chosen idols instead of God, but your
love of them will last only in this nether life. On the Day of Resurrection you
shall disown one another, and you shall curse one another. The Fire shall be
your home and none shall help you. (29:25)
5. The
Connotation of ‘وَآتَى الْمَالَ عَلَى حُبِّهِّ’
Writes Ghamidi
(note 44): ‘Although these words can also mean ‘he spent his wealth out
of God’s love’, we have given preference to those given in the translation. The
reason for this preference are other parallel verses of the Qur’ān.
In 3:92, and 59:9, it has been explicitly stated that the highest position a
person can attain in being loyal to the Almighty is when he spends that wealth
which is dear to him. Here also, it is being told what type of spending in the
way of Allah earns a person this status. Hence, this becomes a basis for
preferring the meaning that we have adopted’.
The verses
are:
وَالَّذِينَ تَبَوَّؤُوا الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ
يُحِبُّونَ مَنْ هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ فِي صُدُورِهِمْ حَاجَةً
مِّمَّا أُوتُوا وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَى أَنفُسِهِمْ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِهِمْ خَصَاصَةٌ
وَمَن يُوقَ شُحَّ نَفْسِهِ فَأُوْلَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (٩:٥٩)
The men who have already have an abode and are firm in faith love those who have
sought refuge with them; they do not covet what they are given, but rather prize
them above themselves, though they are in want. Those that preserve themselves
from their own greed shall surely prosper. (59:9)
لَن تَنَالُواْ
الْبِرَّ حَتَّى تُنفِقُواْ مِمَّا تُحِبُّونَ وَمَا تُنفِقُواْ مِن شَيْءٍ فَإِنَّ
اللّهَ بِهِ عَلِيمٌ (٩٢:٣)
You shall never be truly righteous until you spend what you dearly cherish.
What you spend is known to God. (3:92)
V. Scriptures
and Testaments (العهود و الصحف)
1. Prohibition
of Edibles in the Old Testament
i. Eating Wholesome Things. (Qur’ān, 2:172)
Do not eat any
detestable thing. (Deuteronomy, 14: 3)
ii. Prohibition of Carrion (Qur’ān, 2:173)
Do not eat
anything you find already dead. (Deuteronomy, 14:21)
He must not
eat anything found dead or torn by wild animals, and so become unclean through
it. I am the LORD. (Leviticus, 22:8)
iii. Prohibition of Blood (Qur’ān, 2:173)
And wherever
you live, you must not eat the blood of any bird or animal. If anyone eats
blood, that person must be cut off from his people. (Leviticus, 7:26)
But you must
not eat blood; pour it out on the ground like water. (Deuteronomy, 12:16)
But be sure
you do not eat the blood, because the blood is the life, and you must not eat
the life with the meat. (Deuteronomy, 12:23)
iv. Prohibition of Swine (Qur’ān, 2:173)
The pig is
also unclean; although it has a split hoof, it does not chew the cud. You are
not to eat their meet or touch their carcasses. (Deuteronomy, 14:8)
v. Slaughtering in the name of the Deities (Qur’ān, 2:173)
Whoever
sacrifices to any god, other than the LORD must be destroyed. (Exodus, 22:20)
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