لَا تُحَرِّكْ بِهِ لِسَانَكَ لِتَعْجَلَ بِهِ (١٦) إِنَّ
عَلَيْنَا جَمْعَهُ وَقُرْآنَهُ (١٧) فَإِذَا قَرَأْنَاهُ فَاتَّبِعْ قُرْآنَهُ
(١٨) ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا بَيَانَهُ (١٩)
These verses urge the Prophet (sws) to be patient on the
hastiness and various new demands of his opponents. It was with the sole support
of divine revelation through which the Prophet (sws) was able to truly discharge
the heavy responsibility of openly warning his people imposed on him by the
Almighty. He was like a soldier, fighting at a battle front, who could not move
even one step without guidance from his Lord. In order to torment him, his
opponents would raise all sorts of demands and objections before him. In this
manner, they would try their utmost to check his advance in his preaching
mission. Earlier in this sūrah, one of their demands is cited: they would ask
the Prophet (sws) to bring forth the Day of Judgement which he was threatening
them with; if it was certain to come, why was it not arriving? Similarly, they
would object that if the Qur’ān is God’s word, why was it not revealed all at
once? In short, they would shower objections from all sides, and the Prophet (sws),
on the other hand, would wait for divine revelation to answer all these
objections. It was through divine revelation that that his heart would receive
strength, his soul would be rejuvenated, his intellect guided and his
determination strengthened. Consequently, it is evident both from the Qur’ān and
Hadīth that whenever there was a delay in the advent of revelation because of
some divine wisdom, he would keep looking up to the heavens. This impatience and
keenness would also be evident when Gabriel would deliver the revelation to him.
Like an enthusiastic student he would want to learn all the revelation as soon
as possible and also preserve it fully lest even a drop of this blessed rain go
waste. With this background in mind, let us now deliberate on these verses.
By the words لَا تُحَرِّكْ بِهِ
لِسَانَكَ لِتَعْجَلَ بِهِ the Prophet (sws) has been stopped from showing
hastiness and impatience which would overcome him whenever a revelation would
descend upon him. Although the subject of keenness and hastiness is very
commonly found in the literature of most languages, it is almost impossible to
express in words the hastiness and impatience with which the Prophet (sws) would
be overcome when he would receive a revelation after a long gap and in the face
of his opponents idle talk. When a child is hungry and his mother presses him to
her bosom, he wants to drink all the milk in a single breath; when a traveller
exhausted from traversing a desert sees a bucket full of water after a long
wait, he wants to gulp all of it in one sip; similarly, if a person, suffering
from the pangs of being away from his beloved, receives a letter from her, he
would want to read each and every word of it in a single glance. Although these
examples are deficient, yet as indicated earlier, they can give us some idea of
the hastiness and anxiety so spontaneously expressed by the Prophet (sws)
whenever he would be blessed with divine revelation.
The reasons for this impatience were many, as referred to
before. Thus, for example:
-
All the strategy that needed to be adopted by
him in the capacity of God’s Messenger could only be known through divine
revelation.
-
His spiritual, moral and intellectual needs could only be
fulfilled through it.
-
He would receive from it the guidance needed to face the
existing and future circumstances.
-
It was through it that he would be able to
answer the objections and demands which his adversaries would keep posing to
him every now and then.
-
His great love for knowledge and his sensitivity in
preserving it also contributed very much to it.
All these motives were very genuine and noble; however, it
was God’s wisdom that the Qur’ān be revealed gradually – just as it was being
done. Consequently, the Prophet (sws) was repeatedly urged to exercise patience.
In Sūrah Tāhā (114-115) too he has been similarly urged. I have already referred
to some aspects of this there. Here too the subject primarily is the same.
However, with respect to his mental state during the time of revelation of this
sūrah, here he has been subsequently assured of the preservation of the Qur’ān
also. The Almighty has taken it upon Himself to collect and arrange it and to
recite it before the Prophet (sws) and make him memorize it as well as to
explain any verse of the Qur’ān which needs elaboration. The Prophet (sws) was
told to be content on whatever portion of the Qur’ān he would receive and not
show hastiness and anxiety about it. He should also not worry about its
preservation. He should leave all these to his Lord. Every task would be
completed at its appointed time in accordance with the wisdom of God.
The words إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا جَمْعَهُ
وَقُرْآنَهُ sound an assurance to the Prophet (sws) on his anxiety
referred to earlier. Since a great divine treasure was being entrusted to him,
it was but natural for him to preserve each and every word that was being given
in his custody. The Almighty has assured him that the responsibility of
preserving and reciting it is His responsibility.
The word جَمْع is a comprehensive
one: it means preservation in the heart of the Prophet (sws) and also bringing
together all the parts of the Qur’ān. Consequently, the Prophet (sws) would
continuously receive guidance regarding the placement of the revealed verses in
various sūrahs. As a result, he would direct the collectors to insert these
verses at their specific places. They, of course, obeyed these instructions
diligently.
A further arrangement that was made by the Almighty was
that in each Ramadān, the Prophet (sws) would read out the Qur’ān revealed till
that time to Gabriel in order to safeguard any loss from memory. It is evident
from various narratives that in the last Ramadān of the Prophet (sws) this
reading took place twice. The word قُرْآنَه points to
this reading.
The verse فَإِذَا قَرَأْنَاهُ فَاتَّبِعْ
قُرْآنَهُ implies that the Prophet (sws) should not ask that the Qur’ān
be quickly revealed to him. He should leave the matter to God, Who would reveal
it in a specific amount as per His wisdom. He will also arrange to preserve and
collect and arrange it. The Prophet’s responsibility is to only follow the
recital of what has been read out to him of the Qur’ān. He should read it, act
on it and call people towards it. Also, he should pay no heed to the demand of
people who are asking for its revelation in one go.
A further assurance is sounded to the Prophet (sws) in the
verse ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا بَيَانَهُ. If explanation
is required of any part of the Qur’ān, it is the responsibility of the Almighty
to furnish it. The Prophet (sws) need not fret about this. It will be done when
the time comes. This is a reference to the tabyīn verses which were revealed to
explain and elucidate a previously revealed directive or to abrogate or to
complete it. I have referred to these elucidatory verses at a number of places
in this tafsīr. The words كَذالِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللهٌ
generally occur after them. They actually are the fulfilment of the promise
mentioned in ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا بَيَانَهُ.
I will now present excerpts from the tafsīr of my mentor
Imām Hamīd al-Dīn Farāhī which he has written while explaining these verses. He
writes:
The exegetes think that the cause of the haste mentioned
in these verses is that the Prophet (sws) would be anxious about losing any part
of the Qur’ān. I do not differ with this view; however, there are some more
details in this which need to be understood.
When the Prophet (sws) would receive divine guidance, he
would think that he was being given a great responsibility and that he was being
entrusted with a great thing; the slightest of blemish or loss of even a single
letter would hold him accountable before God. Simultaneously, he wished to
receive more and more divine revelation for any part of it might be instrumental
in giving guidance to his people. Both these aspects are very evident regarding
this matter. Consequently, the assurance sounded to him in this sūrah takes into
consideration both these aspects.
The preservation of the Qur’ān has been promised by the
Almighty both in a concise and comprehensive manner. Thus, for example, it is
said:
وَإِنَّهُ لَكِتَابٌ عَزِيزٌ لَا يَأْتِيهِ الْبَاطِلُ مِن
بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ وَلَا مِنْ خَلْفِهِ تَنزِيلٌ مِّنْ حَكِيمٍ حَمِيدٍ (٤١:
٤١-٤٢)
And this is a mighty scripture. Falsehood cannot reach
it neither from in front of it nor from behind it. It is a revelation from a
wise and glorious God. (41:41-42)
At another place, the words are:
إِنَّا نَحْنُ نَزَّلْنَا الذِّكْرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُ لَحَافِظُونَ
(٩:١٥)
It was We that revealed the Reminder, and We shall
Ourself preserve it. (15:9)
It is evident from these verses that there is no
possibility of any addition or deletion in the Qur’ān. Consequently, there
exists a consensus in the whole of this ummah that the Qur’ān has remained
preserved. The popular view attributed to the Imāmiyyah sect that a part of the
Qur’ān has been made to disappear is totally against the opinion of their
authorities. Sayyid Murtadā, Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Tūsī (popularly known as the
Sheikh al-Tāi’fah), Abū ‘Alī Tabarī, Tabrasī (the author of Majma‘ al-bayān),
Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Bābawayh al-Qummī – all have vehemently denied this absurd
view. Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Bābawayh al-Qummī says: “It is our belief that the
very Qur’ān revealed to the Prophet by the Almighty is the one which is found
between two covers in the Muslim ummah. There is not a single letter of the
Qur’ān more than this. A person who attributes to us the view that we believe
the Qur’ān consisted of more is a liar.” Regarding the narratives which are
found in their literature in this matter, Sayyid Murtadā says that those among
the Imāmiyyah and the Hashawiyyah sects who differ with this view are of no
significance because their view is based on some weak Ahādīth that they regard
to be authentic. However, on the basis of such weak Ahādīth, a proven and a
certain reality cannot be rejected.
Farāhī subsequently goes on to state the conclusions he has
drawn from the above quoted verses of Sūrah Qiyāmah:
First, the Qur’ān was collected and arranged in the lifetime of the Prophet (sws)
and recited to him in a specific sequence. If this promise was to be fulfilled
after his death, he would not have been asked to follow this new recital
[referred to by the words: “So when We have recited it out, follow this
recital”].
Second, the Prophet (sws) was directed to read the arranged Qur’ān in its new
sequence … this directive means that the Prophet (sws) must have communicated
the final arrangement of the Qur’ān the way it was finally recited to him. And
this arrangement must have been the same as the one found in the guarded tablet
(the lawh-i mahfūz). This is because the final recital had to match the original
recital [found in the tablet].
Third, after this collection and arrangement, the Almighty explained whatever He
intended to from among specifying a general directive or vice versa, furnishing
supplementary directives and reducing the scope of some directives.
Farāhī further states:
All these conclusions are evident from the Qur’ān and also corroborated by
Hadīth literature. Consequently, the Prophet (sws) would read out whole sūrahs
of the Qur’ān to people and this could not have been possible unless they had
been read out to him in their specific sequences. The Companions (rta) would
listen to and preserve the Qur’ān in accordance with this arrangement and abide
by it. It is known that the Prophet (sws) would direct the Companions (rta) to
place the revealed verses of the Qur’ān at specific places of specific sūrahs
and the Companions (rta) would obey this directive. Then when some explanatory
verse would be revealed, the Prophet (sws) would have it written at either the
place immediately following the verses which needed this explanation or at the
end of the sūrah in case these verses related to the whole theme of the sūrah.
Deliberation reveals another distinct feature of these
explanatory verses: they themselves contained words which would show that these
verses have in fact been revealed as explanation. They would generally be of the
wording: كَذَالِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللهُ أياتِهِ لِلنَّاسِ
(thus does the Almighty explain His verses for people … )
Similarly, it is known from authentic and agreed upon
narratives that once the whole of the Qur’ān had been revealed, Gabriel recited
the complete Qur’ān to the Prophet (sws) in its real sequence. This clears many
doubts about the sequence and arrangement of the Qur’ān.
(Translated from Tadabbur-i Qur’ān by
Dr Shehzad Saleem)
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