Central Theme, Relationship with the
Preceding Sūrah
This sūrah forms a pair with Sūrah Fajr,
the previous sūrah. There is no essential difference between the central theme
of both sūrahs. In the previous sūrah, man is corrected on a misconception: when
he receives a favour, he is overcome with pride and conceit thinking that this
was his right and that God has actually honoured him; on the other hand, when he
is faced with some trial, he starts to despair and becomes sad thinking that he
has been denied a right and that he has been humiliated by God. The truth of the
matter is that both these circumstances are neither meant to honour him nor to
humiliate him: through both, the Almighty actually tests his perseverance and
sense of showing gratitude to Him. In this regard, the correct attitude is that
neither should a person show pride on receiving a favour nor should he despair
and become dejected if he is deprived of it; when he receives a favour, he
should express gratitude to God and should share this favour with the needy and
when he is faced with hardships, then instead of complaining and brooding and
blaming God, he should accept this fate whole-heartedly and show perseverance. A
person who adopts this attitude is a person whose soul is at peace and will be
blessed with what is stated thus in Sūrah Fajr:(٨٩:
٢٨) رَاضِيَةً مَرْضِيَّةً (they will be happy with
their Lord and their Lord will be happy with them, (89:28)).
In this sūrah, this formula is applied
on the Quraysh and shown that at the time when Abrahām (sws) settled his son
Ishmael (sws) in Makkah, it was not only devoid of resources of sustenance and
livelihood, it was also devoid of peace and security. However, it was the result
of the prayer which Abraham (sws) made for Ishmael (sw) and his progeny before
the Almighty to bless them with resources of sustenance and with peace that soon
the land not only became abundant in these resources, it also became so secure
that harming even an animal came to be regarded as a sin what to speak of human
beings. It was as a result of both these provisions that the progeny of Ishmael
(sws) progressed and multiplied greatly here and assumed the leadership of the
whole country. However, after receiving these favours, these people forgot their
previous history. They are now overcome with the claim that whatever they have
was their birthright. Spending in the way of God weighs down heavily upon them.
They never learn lessons from incidents which happen in their lives. Their
tongues seldom sing the praises of their Lord and seldom express perseverance.
Expressions of virtue and kindness also are not found in their conversation.
Their wealth is spent for their own merry-making and other wasteful activities.
None of them has the resolve to attain success in the Hereafter by making
sacrifices for the welfare of the poor and the needy. All of them are treading
the path that leads to Hell.
Since these verses belong to the early
Makkan period, the address is generally by the words:
يَاَيُّهَا الإِنْسَان (O man!) and the appeal found in
them is upon humanitarian grounds and upon its natural norms.
Analysis of the Discourse
Following is the sequence of the
discourse of the sūrah:
Verses 1-4: Testimony is presented from
the early history of Makkah and that of the Ishmaelites on the fact that this
land was absolutely barren and desolate; life here was very tough and exacting.
However, as a result of the favour of God, the supplication made by Abraham (sws)
and the blessings of the House of God, this land became safe and secure and its
inhabitants were blessed with abundance in food resources.
Verse 5-7: As an obligation towards
these favours and blessings of God, these people should have expressed gratitude
to Him and lent support and help to the needy; on the contrary, when they are
called to spend in the way of God, they cry out that they have already spent a
fortune on this and how much more should they give. It is as if they think that
the Almighty is not witnessing their wasteful spending.
Verses 8-17: These greedy and avaricious
people are rebuked that the Almighty had given them eyes so that they could use
them to learn the lessons of life, tongue and lips so that they could use them
to urge people in helping the poor and needy and the awareness of good and evil
so that they could fight the temptation to evil and do virtuous deeds, help in
feeding the poor and profess faith and call people to be sympathetic and
compassionate; however, after receiving all this, instead of serving their Lord,
they ended up in servitude to their wealth and riches.
Verses 18-20: If these people had
adopted the right path, they would have been entitled to great reward in the
Hereafter; on the contrary, they rejected the revelations of the Almighty and
earned the Fire of Hell for themselves.
Text and Translation
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَاَن
الرَحِيِم
لَا أُقْسِمُ بِهَذَا الْبَلَدِ (١)
وَأَنْتَ حِلٌّ بِهَذَا الْبَلَدِ (٢)
وَوَالِدٍ وَمَا وَلَدَ (٣)
لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنسَانَ فِي كَبَدٍ (٤)
أَيَحْسَبُ أَنْ لَنْ يَقْدِرَ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ (٥)
يَقُولُ أَهْلَكْتُ مَالًا لُبَدًا (٦)
أَيَحْسَبُ أَنْ لَمْ يَرَهُ أَحَدٌ (٧)
أَلَمْ نَجْعَلْ لَهُ عَيْنَيْنِ (٨)
وَلِسَانًا وَشَفَتَيْنِ (٩)
وَهَدَيْنَاهُ النَّجْدَيْنِ (١٠)
فَلَا اقْتَحَمَ الْعَقَبَةَ (١١)
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْعَقَبَةُ (١٢)
فَكُّ رَقَبَةٍ (١٣)
أَوْ إِطْعَامٌ فِي يَوْمٍ ذِي مَسْغَبَة ٍ(١٤)
يَتِيمًا ذَا مَقْرَبَةٍ (١٥)
أَوْ مِسْكِينًا ذَا مَتْرَبَةٍ (١٦)
ثُمَّ كَانَ مِنْ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ وَتَوَاصَوْا
بِالْمَرْحَمَةِ (١٧)
أُوْلَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ الْمَيْمَنَةِ (١٨)
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِآيَاتِنَا هُمْ أَصْحَابُ الْمَشْأَمَةِ (١٩)
عَلَيْهِمْ نَارٌ مُوْصَدَةٌ (٢٠)
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,
the Ever Merciful.
No! I swear by this city – and you are
its inhabitant – and by the father and his progeny that We created man in a
state of hardship. (1-4)
Does he think that no one has power over
him? He says: “I have wasted heaps of money.” Does he think that no one has seen
him? (5-7)
Have We not given him two eyes and a
tongue and two lips and not shown him the two ways? But he did not surmount the
steep path. And what have you understood what this steep path is? Freeing of a
slave or feeding, in days of famine, of an orphan near of kin or an indigent
[down] in the dust – then he be of those who accepted faith and who counselled
one another to be patient and sympathetic. These are the fortunate. And those
who have denied Our revelations, it is they who are the unfortunate. The Fire
shall close in on them. (8-20)
Explanation
لَا أُقْسِمُ بِهَذَا الْبَلَدِ (١)
The word لَا
(no) occurs here the way it occurs in لَا
أُقْسِمُ بِيَوْمِ الْقِيَامَة (٧٥:
١) (No! I swear by
the Day of Judgement, (75:1)) as well as it occurs in some other instances. I
have already explained it. Here it is meant to negate a false notion of the
addressees referred to in the previous sūrah and precedes the oath. It is
mentioned in the previous sūrah that when people are blessed with status and
affluence, they while regarding this to be a result of their own planning become
conceited and express the fact that it was because of being highly regarded by
God that they have been given more by Him than others. This erroneous view is
refuted in the previous sūrah from a particular angle whilst here it is refuted
from another angle. This refutation begins with لَا
(no) which is actually disproving this false notion.
In other words, so baseless and absurd is this notion that citing arguments for
its absurdity is not even required before disproving it. This style is found in
every language and is adopted when the purpose is to express the absurdity of a
view.
The oath sworn here is meant to bear
witness to a claim mentioned ahead by the words (٤) لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنسَانَ فِي كَبَدٍ. The words
بِهَذَا الْبَلَدِ (this
city) refer to the city of Makkah. In Sūrah Tīn, this city has been sworn by
through the words وَهَذَا الْبَلَدِ الْأَمِينِ
(٩٥:
٣)
(and this secure city bears witness, (95:3)). Like
most other Qur’ānic oaths, this oath too has not been sworn by Makkah because it
is a sacred place; it has been sworn to bear witness to a claim which is
mentioned ahead.
وَأَنْتَ حِلٌّ بِهَذَا الْبَلَدِ (٢)
This is a parenthetical sentence and is
meant to emphasize the oath. The addressing pronoun in it can be both for the
Prophet (sws) and for the Quraysh. In both cases, there will not be much
difference in the interpretation of the verse. The implication is that it is not
that the testimony of a far-flung area is being presented whose history and
background need to be gauged by the Prophet (sws) or the Quraysh after some
effort; both have lived here and are well aware of its past and present; this
place is their cherished residence and sanctuary; its history is their own
history; they are encountering all the circumstances of their lives in this very
place; hence, they can fully assess that whatever is being said to them is the
truth or if it is an exaggeration or something artificial.
وَوَالِدٍ وَمَا وَلَدَ (٣)
After the parenthetical sentence, this
part is related to the oath mentioned in the first verse and actually completes
it. The word وَالِد (father)
obviously refers to Abraham (sws) and Ishmael (sws) and
مَا وَلَد (his progeny) refers to
the progeny of Ishmael (sws) which first settled in Makkah and later spread to
all Arabia. The fact that the word وَالِد
is not defined by the article alif lām can incorporate two
meanings into it: it can connote grandeur and majesty and it can also connote
scarcity and thereby include both Abraham (sws) and Ishmael (sws) into it.
Similarly, the generality found in مَا وَلَد
is meant to include all the Ishmaelites whatever be the
branch from which they descend.
لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنسَانَ فِي كَبَدٍ (٤)
The word
كَبَدٍ means “hardship” and “toil”. Though the word is
general to include all human beings – and there are benefits of this generality
– however, here it refers particularly to the foremost addressees of the Qur’ān:
the Ishmaelites – specifically the Quraysh. The verse while alluding to the
advent and settling down of their ancestors in Makkah and to their early history
informs them that they should not think that the abundance of resources and
sustenance they possess here at this time was always there or that these
circumstances are the result of their own planning and ability. The fact of the
matter is that when Abraham (sws) settled his son Ishmael (sws) in this land, it
was totally barren and desolate as well as strife-ridden and insecure. People
lived here like nomads and their life was full of toil and struggle. Their
livelihood depended on their herds and every person was responsible for the
protection of his life and of his herd. There was no system that could offer
protection to people. When Abraham (sws) settled his son Ishmael (sws) in this
barren piece of land, he prayed to the Almighty to bless his progeny with
sustenance and resources of livelihood in it as well as with peace and security.
It was a blessing of this very prayer that resources of livelihood became
abundant and because of their custodianship of the House of God and because of
the sanctity granted to this land by the Almighty in the sacred months the doors
to trade through peaceful journeys opened. It was as a result of all this that
their life of toil and struggle transformed into a life of ease and comfort.
They were so overcome with pride and vanity on this life of ease and comfort
that they ended up showing indifference to God and His Prophet (sws); they
contended that what they received was their birthright and they could expend it
in any manner they wanted to and that no one had any power to interfere with
their freedom and merry-making.
In order to dispel this misconception of
the Quraysh, the Qur’ān has cited the history of the House of God at various
places and cautioned them that if they became rebellious after receiving these
favours from God, they would only be inviting their doom by this attitude of
theirs. Sūrah Ibrāhīm refers to this aspect thus:
وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَـذَا الْبَلَدَ
آمِنًا وَاجْنُبْنِي وَبَنِيَّ أَن نَّعْبُدَ الأَصْنَامَ رَبِّ إِنَّهُنَّ
أَضْلَلْنَ كَثِيرًا مِّنَ النَّاسِ فَمَن تَبِعَنِي فَإِنَّهُ مِنِّي وَمَنْ
عَصَانِي فَإِنَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ رَّبَّنَا إِنِّي أَسْكَنتُ مِن
ذُرِّيَّتِي بِوَادٍ غَيْرِ ذِي زَرْعٍ عِندَ بَيْتِكَ الْمُحَرَّمِ رَبَّنَا
لِيُقِيمُواْ الصَّلاَةَ فَاجْعَلْ أَفْئِدَةً مِّنَ النَّاسِ تَهْوِي إِلَيْهِمْ
وَارْزُقْهُم مِّنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَشْكُرُونَ (١٤:
٣٥-٣٧)
And when
Abraham prayed: “Lord, make this a secure land. Protect me and my progeny from
being contaminated with worshipping idols. Lord! These idols have led astray
many people. So he who follows me is from my brethren and he who disobeys me,
You are surely Forgiving and Merciful. Lord! I have settled some of my progeny
in a barren piece of land near Your Sacred House O Lord that they may show
diligence in the prayer. Incline the hearts of men towards them and provide them
with the livelihood of fruits so that they may express gratitude. (14:35-37)
A deliberation on the above quoted
verses reveals the following facts:
– The reason that Abraham (sws) settled
from among his progeny Ishmael (sws) in a barren and desolate piece of land was
that he could be protected from the environment of polytheism.
– Abraham (sws) built the House of God
in this land so that his progeny could make it a centre of God’s worship. He
also prayed that this centre of worship and his progeny should become a hub to
which people turn.
– At that time, Makkah was a barren and
infertile land and was also unsafe and insecure. So Abraham (sws) also prayed
that its inhabitants be blessed with abundance in food provisions and become
safe and secure.
The purpose of presenting all these
details is that the status and riches the Quraysh had at the time of the advent
of the last Prophet (sws) was neither due to their own planning nor because they
were entitled to it as a tribe; whatever they have now is a result of Abraham’s
prayer and of blessings of the House of God. This favour from God is conditional
on certain obligations.
These include worshipping the Almighty, completion of the objective for which
the House of God was built and professing faith in the Prophet (sws) sent to
them. If they abide by these conditions, they will remain in this status;
otherwise all this will be confiscated from them.
For this very reason, the Almighty has
demanded from the Quraysh in Sūrah Quraysh that if they want to keep receiving
the blessings of the House of God, the only way is to worship the God of this
House. The implication is that if they do not do so, there is no reason for them
to remain the custodians of this House and the recipients of its blessings:
 لِإِيلَافِ
قُرَيْشٍ الَافِهِمْ رِحْلَةَ الشِّتَاءِ وَالصَّيْفِ فَلْيَعْبُدُوا رَبَّ هَذَا
الْبَيْتِ الَّذِي أَطْعَمَهُمْ مِنْ جُوعٍ وَآمَنَهُمْ مِنْ خَوْفٍ (١٠٤:
١-٤)
Owing to
the association the Quraysh have – the association they have with the winter and
summer journeys. So, they should worship the Lord of this House who fed them in
hunger and provided them with peace in fear. (104: 1-4)
أَيَحْسَبُ أَنْ لَنْ يَقْدِرَ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ (٥)
The verse implies that there
is no reason for those who know the early history of this area to be misled by
their current affluence that since they are so strongly rooted now no one can
uproot them. The Being who blessed them with abundance in food resources in a
barren and infertile land can destroy them anytime He wants to especially when
they have not even fulfilled the objective for which they had been settled in
this area and for which the prophet Abraham (sws) had prayed for them.
يَقُولُ أَهْلَكْتُ مَالًا لُبَدًا (٦) أَيَحْسَبُ أَنْ لَمْ
يَرَهُ أَحَدٌ (٧)
The previous verse unveils the mentality
of people which resulted from their being blessed with status and with an
abundance in wealth. This verse unveils the character of people which has
emanated from this corrupted mentality.
A person who is overcome with conceit
thinking that the wealth and status he has been blessed with was a result of his
own planning and strategy or that it was his right by birth has no motivation
left in him to spend in the way of God; therefore, he becomes indifferent not
only to God but also to the Hereafter. In order to hide their miserliness, such
people keep wailing and brooding before the needy about their long list of
expenditures and try to prove to them that besides personal expenditures they
have to spend so much for national and collective needs that in spite of vast
income and resources they are barely able to live in these means. It is this
very method they adopt to silence people who invite them to spend in the name of
God and for a better place in the Hereafter. “We have already spent a lot in
such heads; how much more should we spend?” is the question they pose to such
people. The expression مَالًا لُبَدًا
means “great amount of wealth”.
The verse
أَيَحْسَبُ أَنْ لَمْ يَرَهُ أَحَدٌ is an answer to
such boastful people: they think that no one is observing their generosity. The
fact of the matter is that God is observing everything they do. He knows very
well that they don’t spend a dime and still brag about their generous spending.
The implication of the verse is that one day the complete account of all these
alleged spending will come before them and before other people too.
أَلَمْ نَجْعَلْ لَهُ عَيْنَيْنِ (٨) وَلِسَانًا وَشَفَتَيْنِ
(٩) وَهَدَيْنَاهُ النَّجْدَيْنِ (١٠)
These verses caution them that they are
so engrossed in their worldly riches that they have not even properly used the
two eyes God had blessed them with otherwise they would not have let go of the
eternal kingdom of the Hereafter by becoming blind slaves to these trivial
things: they could have attained it through this wealth which one day they would
have to part with anyway; the love and lust for the trivial and the transient
has made them oblivious to the eternal. These verses prod them: they should
reflect that the Almighty had blessed them with two eyes so that they could
observe their surroundings and see that on the one hand the Almighty has blessed
them with wealth and status and on the other they can see that right below their
nose are orphans and needy, poor and helpless, weak and sick, the physically
handicapped and the deprived who have nothing to eat and nothing to wear. The
reason that the Almighty has blessed them with eyes is that observe all this
around them and learn a lesson and become grateful to the Almighty: merely as a
favour, He did not make them go through such trying circumstances; hence, as an
obligation to these favours, they should have generously spent their money to
fulfil the needs of the deprived lot – the money which was given in their
custody by the Almighty with a share for such people.
In other words, the verse says that the
real use of the eyes was to seek the lessons of life through them and if they do
not do so, then being deprived of eyes is much better than being blessed with
them.
The words
وَلِسَانًا وَشَفَتَيْنِ mean that people have also
been blessed with a tongue and two lips in addition to the eyes mentioned
earlier. The reason for blessing a person with them is that after seeing and
feeling the deprivation around him, he not only takes practical steps to rectify
it but urges others also to do so. His urging and exhortation would then become
instrumental in others adopting virtue also. In the previous sūrah, this aspect
is pointed out in the verse: (٨٩:
١٨) وَلَا
تَحَاضُّونَ عَلَى طَعَامِ الْمِسْكِينِ (and do not
urge one another to feed the poor, (89:18)) and in this sūrah, the verse
ثُمَّ كَانَ مِنْ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْمَرْحَمَةِ (then he be of those who
accepted faith and who counseled one another to be patient and sympathetic) also
has a similar purpose.
Another thing which becomes evident from
this verse is that the awareness of virtue in a person should entail that he
should not only adopt that virtue himself but also urge others to do so as well.
This is included in his obligation otherwise his virtuous deed will in fact be
incomplete. Urging others to adopt virtue is the responsibility of every
individual of the society without which he will be held accountable before the
Almighty. In Sūrah ‘Asr, a thorough treatment will be given to this subject
under the verse (١٠٣:
٣) وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ (and exhorted one another to
the truth and exhorted one another to patience, (103:1-3)).
Here a secondary aspect is also worth
consideration: the tongue is mentioned with two lips which actually protect it
from above and below. The principle is that the more valuable and capable of
producing profound, effective and far-reaching results a thing is the more it is
protected and safeguarded so that it is secured from any carelessness or
negligence in using it. A person’s tongue is one of his most valuable and
effective weapons. It is a sharp-edged sword. For this reason, it has been
handed over to man in a sheath so that he should only unsheathe it where
required and for the purpose it has been given to him by God. It is highly
unfortunate that people instead of using it for the right purpose use it for
trivial tasks.
The sentence
وَهَدَيْنَاهُ النَّجْدَيْنِ refers to the fact that
besides blessing man with the faculty of sight, intellect and speech the
Almighty has also guided him regarding the two paths – the two paths which are
mentioned in Sūrah Dahr in the following words:
إِنَّا هَدَيْنَاهُ السَّبِيلَ إِمَّا شَاكِرًا وَإِمَّا
كَفُورًا (٣:٧٦)
We showed him the path. If he wants,
he can be grateful or ungrateful. (76:3)
The words of Sūrah Shams are even more
clear:
وَنَفْسٍ وَمَا سَوَّاهَا فَأَلْهَمَهَا فُجُورَهَا
وَتَقْوَاهَا (٩١:
٧-١٠)
And the soul bears witness and the
perfection given to it. Therefore [We] inspired it with its evil and its good.
(91:7-10)
No different to this is the explanation
I have proffered in Sūrah Qiyāmah that the liking of good and the disliking of
evil is ordained in human nature. If a person does evil, it is not because he
does not possess the awareness of good and evil, it is because he is overcome by
emotions knowing full well that he is committing evil.
فَلَا اقْتَحَمَ الْعَقَبَةَ (١١)
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْعَقَبَةُ (١٢)
This is a statement of the lack of
acknowledgment of the favours of God and the ungratefulness of the addressees.
If the Almighty had blessed them with the faculties of intellect and speech and
with guidance, they owed some obligation to these favours: they should have
tried to surmount the difficulties which came their way in showing compassion
and sympathy to God’s creation, in having themselves included in the list of the
near ones of the Almighty and in achieving the blissful state of their being
pleased with God and He being pleased with them. However, because of their greed
and spinelessness they did not have the courage to do so: their wealth
restrained them.
The word
عَقَبَةٌ means “a steep path” and
ِإِقْتِحَام means “to climb a
slope” or “to do a difficult task”. This word here refers to commendable acts of
virtue which relate to showing sympathy to God’s creation and to serving the
Almighty. Examples are forthcoming. Since, in order to undertake these acts of
virtue, a person needs to make sacrifice which weighs down heavily on him hence
this is called “surmounting the steep path” by the Qur’ān. Here the phenomenon
to which I have referred to at many places in this tafsīr should be kept in
consideration that since in order to achieve all the higher objectives of life,
one needs to divert one’s inner-self from deeds which bring immediate benefits
and drive it in a totally different direction, this weighs down heavily on it.
On other hand, trivial undertakings produce immediate benefits and one’s soul is
easily inclined to them. Jesus (sws) has explained this by saying: “Enter by the
narrow gate. For the gate is wide and the way is easy that leads to destruction,
and those who enter by it are many. For the gate is narrow and the way is hard
that leads to life, and those who find it are few.” (Matthew, 7:13-14). The
narrative
حُفَّتِ الجَنَّةُ بِالمَكَارِه
(Paradise is surrounded by hardships) also refers to this
very aspect.
I have also explained the style found in
the verse وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْعَقَبَةُ.
Such a question is posed to express the majesty or dread of something. The
implication of the verse is to inform the addressees that they are dreaming to
become the near and favourite ones of the Almighty merely by observing certain
rites whereas to attain this position requires the surmounting of steep paths
and showing valour and bravery in life; these addressees are avaricious and the
avaricious can never attain this position; if they want to do so, then what they
must do is spelled out in the next verses.
فَكُّ رَقَبَةٍ (١٣) أَوْ إِطْعَامٌ فِي يَوْمٍ ذِي مَسْغَبَة
ٍ(١٤) يَتِيمًا ذَا مَقْرَبَةٍ (١٥) أَوْ مِسْكِينًا ذَا مَتْرَبَةٍ (١٦)
The first of the mentioned things is
liberating a slave. Here it should be kept in consideration that since these
verses belong to the initial Makkan period, the Arabs are addressed by the
general word “man” and whatever has been required of them also relates to what
is universal and what is obvious with regard to human nature. I have already
alluded to this aspect in the introduction of this sūrah. Liberating a slave and
making an effort that others also do so is something which is regarded as a
virtue by every sensible person. The Arabs too regarded it to be a great act of
virtue. The Qur’ān in its very initial phase of preaching placed this act of
human service at the top of all virtues. At that time, other people of the world
were yet to have an awareness of this virtue. I have already explained in the
tafsīr of Sūrah Nūr how from the very beginning the Qur’ān urged and exhorted
people to adopt it and how then it embarked upon a campaign to eliminate
gradually the institution of slavery from the society.
After this, the verse mentions the
feeding of the poor and the indigent. The verb إِطْعَامٌ
is in its broader connotation and means to fulfil all
the needs of such people. It is qualified by the phrase
فِي يَوْمٍ ذِي مَسْغَبَة (in days
of famine) which is meant to increase the efficacy of the appeal. No doubt
feeding the poor is a virtuous act; however, in days of famine its value
increases greatly. Similar is the case of the qualifying phrase
ذَا مَقْرَبَةٍ (near of kin) after
the wordيَتِيمًا (orphan).
The implication is that every orphan deserves help; however, an orphan who is a
relative is most worthy of help. No different is the case of the qualifying
phrase ذَا مَتْرَبَةٍ (
[down] in the dust) after مِسْكِينًا
(an indigent).
ثُمَّ كَانَ مِنْ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْمَرْحَمَةِ (١٧)
These verses state the next step that
these people should undertake.
Those who are sensitive and whose eyes
pick up the downtrodden around them are expected to observe the virtues spelled
out above and should also be expected to be among those who embrace faith and
among those who call people to show patience and to be sympathetic to their
fellow human beings. If they are not able to do so then this only means that
there is some hurdle in their moral and spiritual development which they have
not been able to overcome.
Here the word
مَرْحَمَةِ (sympathy) is mentioned together with
صَبْرِ (patience) the wayحَقٌ
(truth) is mentioned together with
صَبْرِ (patience) in Sūrah ‘Asr.
The reason for this is the nature of the deeds of virtue towards which I have
referred to while explaining the expression اقْتَحَمَ
الْعَقَبَةَ in verse eleven: these deeds are generally
against one’s inner desires and hence a person has to counter this obstacle
while doing such deeds and it is like climbing a slope. Only those people can
climb this slope who have the quality of patience in them. The real meaning of
patience in Arabic is “perseverance and steadfastness”. Those who are devoid of
this quality lack valour and bravery; hence, it was deemed necessary that those
who have been urged to do virtuous deeds should also be urged to be patient and
steadfast. More details to this will be furnished in the tafsīr of Sūrah ‘Asr
inshallāh.
أُوْلَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ الْمَيْمَنَةِ (١٨) وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا
بِآيَاتِنَا هُمْ أَصْحَابُ الْمَشْأَمَةِ (١٩) عَلَيْهِمْ نَارٌ مُوْصَدَةٌ (٢٠)
Here at the end, the fates of those who
have the mettle to do the above mentioned deeds and those who do not are stated.
There is an ellipsis of some words regarding the ashāb al-maymanah as is evident
from the contrasting words عَلَيْهِمْ نَارٌ مُوْصَدَةٌ
regarding the ashāb al-mash‘amah. The suppressed words
are to the effect: they shall reside in the upper floors of the buildings of
Paradise.
The origin of the word
مَيْمَنَةِ can be from
يَمِيْن (right) or from
يُمْن (blessed and fortunate);
since here it is mentioned in contrast to مَشْأَمَةِ
whose origin is شؤم
(misfortune and ill-fated) its origin must be regarded to be the word
يُمْن. I have translated it
accordingly. However, this difference is mere literal; it will not make any
difference in the real purport of the discourse. The Qur’ān has called both
these factions as أَصْحَابُ اليَمِيْن
(companions of the right hand) and أَصْحَابُ
الِِشِمَال (companions of the left hand). The reason
behind these names has been mentioned in Sūrah Hāqqah: the pious will be given
their account in their right hands and the impious will be given their account
in their left hands. The only difference between both interpretations of the
word is that one relates to the apparent and the other to the essence.
Obviously, those who will be handed their accounts in their right hands will be
the fortunate and lucky and those who will be handed their accounts in their
left hands will be the unfortunate and ill-fated.
Consider now the verse:
عَلَيْهِمْ نَارٌ مُوصَدَة.
The expression أَوْصَدَ البَاب
means “he closed the door”. The implication was that they
will be enveloped in fire and doors will close upon them. (May God save us from
such a torment)
With the grace of God, I have come to
the end of this sūrah’s tafsīr. فَلِلّه الحَمْد
(To God is due all gratitude).
Lahore,
31st December, 1979 AD
11th Safr, 1400, AH
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